POTA, SOTA, IOTA: Parks, Summits & Islands on the air

Amateur radio enthusiasts worldwide participate in various award programs that combine their passion for radio communication with outdoor adventures. Three of the most popular programs are Parks on the Air (POTA), Summits on the Air (SOTA), and Islands on the Air (IOTA). 

Parks on the Air (POTA)

POTA (est. 2017) is a program that encourages amateur radio operators to operate from state and national parks, forests, and historic sites.

How it works:

• Activators set up temporary stations in designated park areas.
• Hunters try to make contact with these activators.
• Both activators and hunters earn points for successful contacts.

Award levels:

• Bronze: 10 park-to-park QSOs
• Silver: 25 park-to-park QSOs
• Gold: 50 park-to-park QSOs
• Platinum: 100 park-to-park QSOs

Additional awards are available for activating or hunting specific numbers of parks.

SOTA activation (© Bob K0NR)

POTA activation (© Tom K4SWL)

Summits on the Air (SOTA)

SOTA (est. 2002) challenges operators to make contacts from qualifying summits around the world.

How it works:

• Activators climb to designated summits and make a minimum of four contacts.
• Chasers attempt to contact activators on summits.
• Points are awarded based on the summit's height and difficulty.

Award levels:

• Mountain Goat: Activators who accumulate 1000 points
• Shack Sloth: Chasers who accumulate 1000 points
• There are also certificates for various point thresholds and annual trophies. 

Islands on the Air (IOTA)

Established in 1964 by shortwave listener (SWL) Geoff Watts (BRS-3129) and handed over to the Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB) in 1985, IOTA promotes radio operation from islands across the globe.

How it works:

• Operators activate islands that are part of the IOTA program.
• Other operators try to make contact with these island stations.
• Points are earned for contacting different IOTA groups.

Award levels:

• IOTA 100 Islands Award: For contacting 100 IOTA groups
• IOTA Continents Award: For contacting all IOTA groups in a continent
• IOTA Globe Award: For contacting 750 or more IOTA groups

Events & competitions

Each program also offers various certificates and trophies for achieving specific milestones or participating in contests, some of which are listed below:

POTA hosts several annual events, including:

• POTA Spring Support Your Parks Event
• POTA Plaque Event
• POTA Summer Support Your Parks Event
• POTA Fall Support Your Parks Event

These events encourage increased activity during specific timeframes, often with special awards or plaques for top performers.

While SOTA is not primarily contest-oriented, it does have some competitive events:

• SOTA Mountain Day Contest: Held annually on the first weekend of July
• S2S (Summit to Summit) Week: A week-long event encouraging contacts between activators on different summits.

IOTA has a major annual contest:

• IOTA Contest: Held on the last full weekend of July each year
• This 24-hour contest encourages contacts between IOTA islands and with non-island stations
• There are various entry categories for island and non-island stations, single and multi-operator setups

IOTA AF-111 activation

IOTA OC-142 activation

Additionally, IOTA occasionally runs shorter duration contests or activity periods to stimulate activity on specific groups of islands.

These award programs (IOTA,POTA and SOTA) not only challenge radio operators technically, but also encourage exploration of parks, mountains, and islands worldwide. They foster a sense of community among amateur radio enthusiasts and promote the hobby in diverse and often picturesque locations. 

Tuning into tomorrow: Emerging trends in amateur radio?

Over the next decade, our beloved hobby is likely to witness a transformation that will challenge our skills, expand our capabilities, and open new frontiers of communication. While the fundamental spirit of amateur radio remains unchanged, the tools and techniques at our disposal are set to evolve in exciting ways. Here are my thoughts on some of the emerging technologies and methods that may become commonplace in our shacks by 2034, offering a glimpse into the future of amateur radio.

1. Software-Defined Radio (SDR) advancements: While SDRs are already popular, we'll likely see more powerful and accessible units. Imagine pocket-sized SDRs with the capabilities of today's high-end rigs, making portable operation easier than ever.

2. AI-assisted noise reduction and signal processing: This could help pull out weak signals from the noise floor, potentially revolutionizing DX work and making low-power operation more effective.

The future of amateur radio...?

3. Improved digital modes: Building on the success of FT8 and similar modes, we might see new protocols that offer even better weak signal performance or higher data rates.

4. Mesh networking: Amateur radio mesh networks could become more widespread, allowing for robust emergency communication systems and interesting experimentation with data transmission.

5. Integration with Internet of Things (IoT): This could lead to new forms of telemetry and remote station control, perhaps even allowing for automated propagation reporting from a network of stations.

6. Advanced antenna designs: Compact antennas with high efficiency could become more common, possibly using metamaterials or other novel approaches.

7. Quantum key distribution: While still speculative, this technology could eventually allow for ultra-secure communication over radio links.

8. Enhanced digital voice modes: We might see improvements in audio quality and robustness, making digital voice more appealing to operators who prefer traditional modes.

9. Virtual and augmented reality interfaces: These could provide new ways to visualize band conditions, manage pileups, or even "see" your signal propagation in real-time.

10. Energy harvesting: Improved solar panels and other energy harvesting techniques could make off-grid and portable operation more practical and allow QRO ops where we were previously limited to QRP.

11. Cognitive radio: Radios that can automatically adjust to band conditions and avoid interference might become more common.

12. Satellite technology: With the increasing accessibility of cubesats, we might see more amateur radio satellites and even lunar or deep space communication experiments.

Of course, predicting the future is always a bit like trying to work DX with a length of wet string for an antenna - you might get lucky, but don't count on it. These are no more than my educated guesses based on current trends, and the real future might (in fact probably will) surprise us all.

What's certain is that whatever new tech comes along, the spirit of experimentation and camaraderie that defines our hobby will continue. After all, that's what keeps us coming back to the shack, day after day, year after year - a desire to try new things and to explore the art of the possible, to build the best station we can within our budgetary and physical space constraints.

The science behind the remarkable efficiency of FT8

FT8 (Franke-Taylor 8-FSK modulation), a digital mode developed for amateur radio, has become incredibly popular since it's introduction in 2017, especially for making contacts in challenging conditions. This mode is particularly effective at low power levels and with weak signals, making it a favorite among hams who enjoy the thrill of long-distance communication with minimal equipment. But why does FT8 perform so well under these circumstances? Here are some key reasons.

Efficient Signal Encoding

FT8 uses a highly efficient encoding method that packs a lot of information into a small bandwidth. This means the mode can transmit data effectively even when the signal is weak or the conditions are poor. The encoding is designed to be robust against interference and noise, which are common on HF bands, especially at low power levels.

Short Transmission Time

Each FT8 transmission lasts only about 15 seconds. This short duration reduces the chance that the signal will be affected by sudden changes in the ionosphere or local interference. With these quick exchanges, FT8 can take advantage of brief openings in the band conditions, allowing successful contacts that might be missed with longer transmissions.

Error Correction

FT8 includes strong error correction algorithms. These algorithms can identify and fix errors in the received signal, ensuring that the message (and particularly the callsign within the message) can still be understood even if parts of it are lost or corrupted. This is crucial for weak signal work, where parts of the transmission might be affected by noise or fading.

Low Bandwidth

FT8 signals occupy very little bandwidth (only about 50 Hz). This narrow bandwidth means that FT8 can fit into crowded HF bands without causing or suffering from much interference. It also means that more of the transmitter's power is concentrated into a smaller space, making the signal stronger relative to the background noise.

Many FT8 narrowband signals spread across a 1200Hz band segment

Synchronisation

FT8 requires precise time synchronisation between transmitting and receiving stations, typically achieved using internet time servers. This synchronisation ensures that both stations are listening and transmitting at the exact same time, making it easier to decode weak signals because the timing is predictable.

In summary:

FT8 excels at low power and weak signal levels due to its efficient encoding, short transmission times, strong error correction, narrow bandwidth, precise synchronisation, and user-friendly software. These features work together to make FT8 a powerful tool for amateur radio operators, enabling reliable communication even in challenging conditions. 

Whether you're trying to reach a distant station or simply want to make contacts with minimal power, FT8 offers a robust solution that maximises the potential of weak signals. Add to that the popularity of this mode and number of active stations at any given time, your chances of making contacts are very high. 

I myself was amazed when I first started to use FT8 at the amount of DX in the FT8 band segments and work several new countries within my first couple of weeks using the mode with only 10w output into a 1/4 wave vertical antenna.

Propagation prediction for HF bands: Tools and resources

As amateur radio operators, we rely on high-frequency (HF) bands for long-distance communication. To that end, understanding and predicting HF propagation is central to the effective operation of a HF station. This involves comprehending how radio waves travel through the Earth's atmosphere, influenced by factors such as solar activity, time of day, and seasonal changes. 

Fortunately, various tools and resources are available to help amateur radio operators predict and understand HF propagation.

Key Concepts in HF Propagation

1. Ionospheric Layers: The ionosphere, comprising layers like D, E, and F, plays a pivotal role in HF propagation. During the day, the D layer absorbs lower frequencies, while the E and F layers reflect higher frequencies, aiding long-distance communication.
2. Solar Activity: Solar phenomena, such as sunspots and solar flares, affect the ionosphere's density and composition, thereby influencing propagation conditions. Increased solar activity generally enhances HF propagation.
3. Day/Night Cycle: The ionosphere's behavior changes with the day/night cycle. Nighttime propagation benefits from the absence of the D layer, allowing lower frequencies to travel farther.

Low-band day/night skip changes via D and E layers

Essential Tools and Resources

1. VOACAP (Voice of America Coverage Analysis Program): This widely-used tool provides detailed predictions of HF propagation. By inputting parameters such as transmitter location, frequency, and solar activity levels, operators can obtain maps and charts indicating potential communication paths.

   How to Use:

   • Visit the VOACAP online tool.
   • Enter your geographical coordinates, desired frequency, and solar data.
   • Generate propagation maps to identify optimal times and frequencies for communication.

2. WSPR (Weak Signal Propagation Reporter): WSPR is a network of low-power beacons that transmit and receive signals worldwide. The data collected provides real-time insights into propagation conditions. (You can also try PSKReporter to monitor your own transmissions).

   How to Use:

   • Set up a WSPR station or access online WSPR databases.
   • Make a series of transmissions on the chosen frequency band or bands.
   • Monitor received signal reports to gauge current propagation conditions on different bands.
   • Use the data to adjust your operating frequency and time for optimal results.

3. Solar Data Websites: Websites like Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) and SolarHam offer real-time solar data, including sunspot numbers, solar flux index, and geomagnetic indices.

   How to Use:

   • Regularly check these websites for updates on solar activity.
   • Correlate the data with your HF operation plans to anticipate propagation changes.
   • Use solar indices to adjust your expectations and strategies for different bands.

4. HF Propagation Prediction Software: Programs like HamCAP and Propagation Forecast Bulletin (PFB) provide detailed predictions and forecasts based on current solar and ionospheric data.

   How to Use:

   • Install the software on your computer.
   • Input relevant data such as location, antenna details, and desired frequencies.
   • Analyze the output to plan your operating schedule and frequencies.

Practical Application

By integrating these tools and resources into your amateur radio practice, you can significantly enhance your understanding and prediction of HF propagation. Here’s a step-by-step approach:

1. Monitor Solar Activity: Regularly check websites like SolarHam for solar updates.
2. Use VOACAP: Generate daily propagation forecasts tailored to your location and operating preferences.
3. Engage with WSPR: Participate in or monitor WSPR networks to gather real-time propagation data.
4. Leverage Software: Utilize software like HamCAP to simulate and plan your communication strategies.

Effective HF propagation prediction is a blend of understanding ionospheric science and utilizing modern tools and resources. By staying informed about solar activity and leveraging prediction tools like VOACAP, WSPR, and dedicated software, it is possible to optimise operating bands, modes and times of day for more predictable and reliable communication with DX stations.

Reflecting on the Yaesu FRG-7 receiver

The early 1990s were an interesting time for shortwave listening (SWL) enthusiasts. This was a period when the internet was still in its infancy, and the shortwave bands waves offered a valuable means of accessing global information. 

It was around that time that I acquired an FRG-7 myself, an older model that had already served several years. Despite its age, the FRG-7 was known for its reliability and solid performance. It was an analog receiver featuring the Wadley Loop circuit, which provided stable and accurate frequency reception—a significant advantage back then.

The FRG-7's design was straightforward yet effective. Its large, clear tuning dial allowed for precise adjustments, making it easier to lock onto signals. This capability was particularly beneficial for picking up a wide range of transmissions, from international broadcasters to amateur radio operators.

Using the FRG-7, I spent many hours exploring the airwaves. Major shortwave broadcasters like the BBC, Radio Australia, Radio Moscow, Radio Habana Cuba, Radio Prague, Voice of America, and from Ecuador, HCJB (Heralding Christ Jesus' Blessings, also 'The Voice of the Andes'), were regular fixtures, offering news and cultural programming from different parts of the world. 

Yaesu FRG-7 receiver

The clarity and consistency of the FRG-7’s reception made these listening sessions enjoyable and informative. Sadly, many of the stations I listened to back then are no more, but my memories will live with me forever.

The receiver also opened up the world of amateur radio. With the FRG-7, I could listen in on single-sideband (SSB) conversations between amateur radio operators and the mysterious dits and dahs of Morse code exchanges.

I also vividly remember listening in to Shannon VOLMET (a service that provides meteorological information to aircraft in flight) on 3414Khz and 5505Khz as they shared crucial information with transatlantic flights, always prefaced with their distinctive "Shannon VOLMET" callsign.

In the context of today’s digital technology, the Yaesu FRG-7 might seem outdated. However, it remains a respected piece of equipment among enthusiasts. Its durability, performance, and the tactile experience of tuning its dials offer a contrast to the instant, often impersonal nature of modern digital devices. I remember mine fondly and given space in the shack, I'd gladly have another if I could find one in good condition.

Wire antennas in small spaces for 80m and 160m

Operating on the 80m and 160m bands presents unique challenges to amateur radio operators with small gardens and limited space to deploy long wire antennas, primarily due to the long wavelengths involved. However, with a bit of ingenuity and some practical tricks, you can significantly enhance your wire antenna performance on these lower bands, even in limited spaces. Here are some tips to help you get the most out of your 80m and 160m operations:

1. Inverted-L Antenna

The Inverted L antenna is a popular choice for 80m and 160m due to its relatively small footprint. It consists of a vertical section and a horizontal section. The vertical part helps with low-angle radiation (good for DXing), while the horizontal part contributes to NVIS (Near Vertical Incidence Skywave) propagation for local contacts. To maximize performance, ensure the vertical section is as high as possible and use high-quality ground radials or counterpoise wires.

2. Loading Coils

If you have limited space, adding loading coils can electrically lengthen your antenna without requiring more physical space. Place the coils strategically along the wire, usually about 20-30% from the end. This allows the antenna to be resonant on 80m or 160m without needing the full length of a half-wave dipole. Make sure to use coils with low loss to maintain efficiency.

Inverted-L antenna

Top-loaded T antenna

3. Top Loading

Top loading is another effective method to improve performance on these bands. By adding horizontal wires or a capacitance hat at the top of your vertical element, you can increase the effective electrical length of the antenna. This method is particularly useful for vertical antennas and can help you achieve better radiation efficiency.

4. Sloping and Curved Wires

In confined spaces, you can curve or slope your antenna wires to fit your property. While a perfectly straight antenna is ideal, a slightly bent or sloped wire will still work. Experiment with different configurations, such as an inverted V or a zigzag pattern, to find what works best in your available space. Ensure the bends are gentle to minimize losses.

5. Improved Ground Systems

A good ground system is crucial for antennas on the lower bands. Use as many radials as possible, ideally 16 or more, each at least a quarter wavelength long. If you can't bury them, lay them on the ground and secure them with landscape staples (on lawns, the grass will eventually cover your radial wires for an excellent stealth installation). Elevated radials, though more complex to install, can also offer excellent performance with fewer radials needed.

6. Matching Networks

Impedance matching is critical for efficient power transfer. Use a high-quality antenna tuner or a matching network designed specifically for 80m and 160m. An L-network or a balanced tuner can help you achieve a good match, especially if your antenna isn’t perfectly resonant.

7. Baluns and Chokes

Using a balun can help balance the antenna and reduce common-mode currents, which can cause RF interference in your shack. A choke balun at the feed point can also help by suppressing unwanted currents on the feed line, improving overall system performance.

Conclusion

Improving your wire antenna performance on 80m and 160m doesn’t necessarily require a large, open space. By employing these tricks—using Inverted L antennas, loading coils, top loading, optimizing ground systems, experimenting with wire configurations, and proper matching networks—you can achieve efficient and effective operation on these challenging bands. Remember, experimentation is key, so don't hesitate to try different setups and see what works best for you. 

Choosing a HF Transceiver for the antenna-challenged ham

As urban living becomes increasingly common and antenna restrictions more prevalent, many amateur radio operators find themselves in a challenging position. The question arises: what's the best HF transceiver for those of us who are severely antenna-compromised? Let's dive into this complex issue, considering several crucial factors.

Receiver Sensitivity vs. Antenna Efficiency

It's often said in ham radio circles that "you can't work 'em if you can't hear 'em." This adage becomes even more critical when dealing with sub-optimal antennas. While a high-end receiver with excellent sensitivity might seem like the answer, it's not quite that simple.

Icom IC-7300

Modern transceivers, even mid-range ones, generally have very good receiver sensitivity. The difference in sensitivity between a $1,000 rig and a $5,000 one is often minimal in real-world conditions. The problem for antenna-compromised operators isn't usually sensitivity – it's the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

A small, inefficient antenna will deliver less signal to the receiver while potentially picking up more local noise. This is where advanced receiver features come into play.

Receiver Features: Digital Noise Reduction and Selectivity

For the antenna-challenged operator, receiver features like digital noise reduction (DNR) and adjustable bandwidth can make a world of difference. These features help to improve the SNR, making weak signals more copyable.

Yaesu FTDX10

High-end transceivers from manufacturers like Kenwood, Icom, and Yaesu offer sophisticated DSP-based noise reduction that can significantly clean up a noisy signal. Similarly, razor-sharp filtering options allow you to focus on the desired signal and reject adjacent interference.

However, it's worth noting that while these features can help, they're not magic. No amount of DSP can fully compensate for a truly poor antenna system.

The Antenna Dilemma: Upgrade the Antenna or the Radio?

The age-old advice in amateur radio is to invest in your antenna system before upgrading your radio. This wisdom holds true even for those with limited space. A well-designed, efficient small antenna will often outperform a poorly implemented larger antenna.

For the antenna-compromised, this might mean investing in a high-quality magnetic loop antenna, a well-constructed end-fed half-wave, or even a sophisticated active antenna system. These can provide better performance than a simple wire strung haphazardly.

However, there's a caveat. While improving your antenna should be a priority, a more advanced radio can help make the most of whatever antenna system you can manage.

Conclusion

For the severely antenna-compromised amateur, the best approach is in most cases, a balanced one. Invest in the best antenna system you can manage within your limitations, but also consider a transceiver with advanced DSP capabilities cognisant of the fact that this need not be a top of the range transceiver. 

A mid-to-high-end transceiver with excellent noise reduction and filtering options, such as the Icom IC-7300* or Yaesu FTDX10*, can make a significant difference in your operating experience and either of these radios will be perfectly good enough in most cases.

Remember, the "best" transceiver is the one that allows you to enjoy the hobby despite your limitations. It's about finding the right balance between your antenna situation, your operating preferences, and your budget.

Ultimately, no transceiver can fully compensate for severe antenna compromises, but the right radio can help you make the most of your situation. Combine it with creative antenna solutions and operating techniques, and you'll find that satisfying HF operation is still possible, even in the most challenging of environments. 

*As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.

Remembering an old friend, the Icom IC-738

Since becoming a licensed amateur radio operator back in 1991 I have owned and used many different transceivers over the years. Today, I'd like to share my thoughts on the Icom IC-738, a rig that's been around for a while but still finds its place in many ham shacks and a radio that I owned and enjoyed in the mid 1990s.

Pros:

1. Reliability: The IC-738 is known for its robust build quality. It's a rig that can take a beating and keep on ticking, which is great for both home and field use.
2. Simplicity: In an era of complex, menu-driven radios, the IC-738's straightforward interface is refreshing. Most functions are accessible via front panel controls, making it easy to operate without constantly referring to the manual.
3. Receiver Performance: The receiver is quite good for its class, offering clear audio and decent sensitivity. It handles crowded band conditions reasonably well.
4. Power Output: With 100 watts on all HF bands, it provides enough power for most everyday operations without needing an external amplifier.
5. Built-in Antenna Tuner: The automatic antenna tuner is a convenient feature, capable of matching a wide range of antennas.

Cons:

1. Age: The IC-738 is an older model, introduced in the mid-1990s. This means it lacks some modern features that newer hams might expect. Never a problem for me as it was a new radio back when I owned mine.
2. No DSP: Unlike more modern rigs, the IC-738 doesn't have Digital Signal Processing (DSP) for noise reduction and filtering.
3. Basic Display: The display is functional but basic. Those used to more modern rigs with spectrum scopes or waterfall displays might find it lacking. Not an issue back in the 1990s before the advent of  the IC-756 and its successors.
4. Weight: At about 10 kg, it's quite heavy by today's standards, which could be an issue for portable operations.

For the average ham engaging in casual HF operation, the IC-738 still holds its own. Its simplicity makes it an excellent rig for beginners or those who prefer a no-frills approach. The reliable performance and straightforward operation mean you can focus on making contacts rather than fiddling with settings.

The receiver, while not top-of-the-line by modern standards, is more than adequate for most day-to-day operations. Whether you're chasing DX, participating in nets, or enjoying a casual rag-chew, the IC-738 delivers solid performance.

The built-in antenna tuner is a real boon for those with less-than-perfect antenna setups, allowing for quick band changes without manual tuning.

However, if you're into digital modes or need advanced filtering options, you might find the IC-738 lacking. Its basic feature set means you'll likely need additional equipment for modes like FT8 or PSK31.

Given its age, the IC-738 can often be found on the used market at very reasonable prices and while showing its age in some respects, still has a lot to offer the everyday amateur radio operator. It's a solid, reliable transceiver that covers the basics well. If you're looking for a straightforward HF rig and don't need the bells and whistles of more modern equipment, the IC-738 is well worth considering. It's a reminder that sometimes, simpler can indeed be better in the world of ham radio. 

Solar Cycle 25: A pleasant surprise for HF enthusiasts

As we find ourselves in the midst of Solar Cycle 25, it's time to reflect on how this cycle has shaped up compared to its predecessors over the last four decades. As an avid HF operator, I've been keenly observing the effects on band conditions, and I must say, it's been quite a ride!

First, let's recap the recent history. Solar Cycles 21 and 22, peaking in 1980 and 1989 respectively, were absolute powerhouses. Many old-timers still reminisce about the legendary DX conditions during those years. Cycle 23, maxing out in 2000, was no slouch either, offering excellent propagation well into the new millennium.

Then came Cycle 24, which peaked weakly in 2014. It was a bit of a disappointment for many hams (myself included), with reduced sunspot numbers and generally poorer HF conditions compared to what we'd grown accustomed to. This led to some gloomy predictions for Cycle 25.

But here we are in 2024, and Solar Cycle 25 has pleasantly surprised us all! While not quite reaching the lofty heights of Cycles 21 and 22, it's significantly outperforming Cycle 24 and even giving Cycle 23 a run for its money.

The current cycle kicked off in December 2019 and ramped up faster than predicted. We're seeing sunspot numbers and solar flux values that are reminiscent of the better cycles from the past 40 years. This has translated into some fantastic HF propagation, particularly on the higher bands.

What's particularly interesting about Cycle 25 is its intensity relative to recent predictions. Many solar physicists expected this cycle to be similar to or even weaker than Cycle 24. Instead, it's shaping up to be one of the stronger cycles of the past four decades, though not quite reaching the extreme peaks seen in the 1980s.

This unexpected strength has led to some fascinating scientific discussions about our understanding of the solar dynamo and the mechanisms driving these cycles. For us hams, it simply means better operating conditions than we've seen in years.

However, it's worth noting that with increased solar activity comes an increased risk of solar flares and coronal mass ejections. While these events can cause short-term radio blackouts, they also contribute to spectacular auroral displays, which can lead to some exciting VHF propagation for operators at higher latitudes.

Looking ahead, predictions suggest that this cycle may have a longer-than-average plateau at its peak, potentially providing excellent HF conditions for several years to come. This is great news for newer hams who may not have experienced a solar maximum before.

Solar Cycle 25 has breathed new life into HF operation. While it may not be breaking records set 40 years ago, it's providing a welcome boost to propagation and reminding us all why HF operation is so thrilling. If you've been neglecting your HF gear, now is the time to dust it off and get on the air. The bands are hot, and the DX is calling! 

FSK RTTY and CW keying using G3LIV Isoterm Multimode

After years of operating mostly on SSB and CW, I caught the digital bug in 2005, initially using PSK31 but subsequently RTTY, which has since become my favourite operating mode on HF. There's something captivating about those diddle-diddle sounds and watching text appear on the screen from stations halfway across the world. But getting everything set up properly can be a bit of a headache, so I wanted to share details of my setup.

I'd had a Yaesu FT-950 for a while and to my mind, it's a fantastic rig. Connecting it to the computer for audio digital modes (PSK31 and AKSK RTTY) was relatively easy but for FSK RTTY I needed something more sophisticated. 

Enter the G3LIV ISOTERM MULTIMODE interface (which I believe is no longer in production since Johnny G3LIV retired). Getting everything connected was straightforward having purchased the correct cable set for for 950. 

The interface sat between my FT-950 and the computer, handling all the audio routing for PSK31, PTT switching, and FSK keying for RTTY. 

I used MMTTY for RTTY operation ( I still do), and it worked flawlessly. The waterfall display was clean, and decoding was spot-on (benefiting also from the audio peaking on the Mark & Space frequencies when using the FT-950's FSK RTTY mode).

But here's the really cool part – The Isoterm Multimode also lets you use the same setup for CW as well! This capability allowed me to use the CWType software from Sergei UA9OSV, for rapid-fire contest and DXpedition CW exchanges, with great success. 

The best part? No more worries about accidentally transmitting garbage or overdriving my audio levels. The isolation provided by the ISOTERM means I can experiment with settings without fear of causing interference or damaging anything.

If you're looking to dive into the digital modes with your FT-950 (or really, any modern rig), I can't recommend this setup enough if you have or can find one of these units. It opened up a whole new world of operating for me.

Amateur Radio: An emergency lifeline

When disaster strikes and conventional communication infrastructure fails, amateur radio often becomes the critical lifeline for affected communities. Our ability to establish communication with minimal infrastructure makes us uniquely positioned to assist in emergency situations, particularly in remote areas.

One striking example of amateur radio's importance occurred during the aftermath of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico in 2017. The storm devastated the island's communication networks, leaving many areas completely isolated. Amateur radio operators stepped in, providing essential communication links that helped coordinate rescue and relief efforts. 

For weeks, hams relayed messages about medical needs, food shortages, and helped reunite separated families.

Earthquakes present another scenario where amateur radio proves invaluable. Following the 2015 Nepal earthquake, when phone lines and internet connections were down, amateur radio operators were among the first to provide accurate information about the extent of the damage and urgent needs. Hams from Nepal and India, in conjunction with Disaster Amateur Radio Emergency Services (DARES), worked tirelessly to relay messages and coordinate with international aid organizations.

In 2011, when a massive tsunami hit Japan following a 9.0 magnitude earthquake, amateur radio played a crucial role. As cellular networks and landlines failed, Japanese hams used battery-powered equipment to transmit emergency traffic and situational reports. This information was vital for assessing the scale of the disaster and directing relief efforts.

These examples underscore the importance of amateur radio's emergency communication capabilities. Our ability to operate independently of fixed infrastructure, combined with our skills in rapidly deploying effective communication systems, makes amateur radio an essential resource in disaster response.

As hams, we continually train and prepare for these scenarios, participating in exercises like the RSGB Field Day and maintaining relationships with emergency management agencies. This preparedness ensures that when all else fails, amateur radio will be there to provide that critical communication link, potentially saving lives in the process.

Our hobby is not just about making contacts or chasing DX; it's about being ready to serve our communities when they need us most. This aspect of amateur radio highlights the true spirit of our hobby - using our skills and resources for the greater good. 

Relative affordability of Amateur Radio (1984-2024)

Amateur radio has come a long way in the past four decades, with significant advances in technology making transceivers more powerful and feature-rich. This post explores the extent to which the affordability of these devices has changed in relation to average income? Let's explore this by comparing the Icom IC-7300*, a modern mid-range transceiver, with the Yaesu FT-757 which was released in 1984.

Icom IC-7300	Yaesu FT-757

Transceiver Models and Their Release Prices

Icom IC-7300 (2020s)

• Price at Release:
  • USD: $1,200
  • GBP: £936 (using an exchange rate of 1 USD = 0.78 GBP)

Yaesu FT-757 (1984)

• Price at Release:
  • USD: $1,100
  • GBP: £825 (using an exchange rate of 1 USD = 0.75 GBP)

Adjusting for Inflation

To understand the relative affordability, we need to adjust the historical prices for inflation.

Inflation Adjustment (USD)

Using a standard U.S. inflation calculator:

1. Yaesu FT-757 (1984 to 2023)
   • 1984 Price: $1,100
   • Adjusted for 2023: Approximately $3,030

Inflation Adjustment (GBP)

Using a UK inflation calculator:

1. Yaesu FT-757 (1984 to 2023)
   • 1984 Price: £825
   • Adjusted for 2023: Approximately £2,650

Average Income Comparison

Next, we compare these prices to the average income at the time to determine relative affordability.

Average Income Data (USD)

1. 1984 Average Income: Approx. $21,600 per year
2. 2023 Average Income: Approx. $70,000 per year

Average Income Data (GBP)

1. 1984 UK Average Income: Approx. £8,600 per year
2. 2023 UK Average Income: Approx. £38,000 per year

Affordability Analysis

Yaesu FT-757 (1984)

• Price as a percentage of average income (USD): $\frac{1100}{21600} \times 100 \approx 5.09\%$
  

• Adjusted 2023 price as a percentage of 2023 income (USD): $\frac{3030}{70000} \times 100 \approx 4.33\%$

• Price as a percentage of average income (GBP): $\frac{825}{8600} \times 100 \approx 9.59\%$
  

• Adjusted 2023 price as a percentage of 2023 income (GBP): $\frac{2650}{38000} \times 100 \approx 6.97\%$

Icom IC-7300 (2023)

• Price as a percentage of average income (USD): $\frac{1200}{70000} \times 100 \approx 1.71\%$
  
• Price as a percentage of average income (GBP): $\frac{936}{38000} \times 100 \approx 2.46\%$

Conclusion

Over the past 40 years, mid-range amateur radio transceivers have become more affordable relative to average income, when prices are adjusted for inflation - the current Icom IC-7300, a mid-range transceiver, costs a smaller percentage of today's average income than the Yaesu FT-757 did in 1984, which was a comparable model for its time.

Amateur radio equipment has demonstrably become more affordable over time, making the hobby increasingly accessible. Compared to earlier models, modern transceivers provide advanced features and better performance at lower relative costs when accounting for inflation and average income growth. There really has never been a better time to be a ham radio operator.

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Memories of my CW elmer, Brian (SK)

In the early days of my journey into amateur radio, I had the incredible fortune of meeting Brian, a true old-timer who became my CW Elmer (sadly I never did learn his surname...he was always just Brian to me). Brian's background as a ship's radio officer in the UK Merchant Navy meant that he had accumulated a wealth of knowledge and a passion for Morse code that was truly infectious.

© Dilshan Jayakody via Wikimedia Commons

What set Brian apart was his approach to teaching CW. Instead of relying on buzzers or commercial learning aids, he would dive into his junk box, emerging with a handful of components, and, with the skill of a master craftsman, he'd assemble simple receivers right before my eyes. These homebrew creations became our gateway to the world of over-the-air Morse. 

Listening to his hand-sent CW transmissions on these handcrafted receivers added an element of excitement and authenticity to my learning process. 

It wasn't just about memorizing dots and dashes; it was about experiencing the rhythm and flow of actual on-air communications. 

At other times, as we sat and chatted, Brian's eyes would light up as he tuned across the bands, picking out callsigns and exchanges from the ethereal symphony of beeps and whistles. I seem to recall that he always had at least one radio in his apartment tuned to some or other ship-to-shore frequency.

Brian's patience was boundless, and his enthusiasm never waned. He shared not just his knowledge of Morse code, but also tales from his days at sea, painting vivid pictures of life as a ship's radio officer. These stories brought the history and romance of radio communication to life which only served to fuel my growing passion for the hobby.

Sadly, Brian passed away not long after I obtained my license. While our time together was all too brief, the impact he had on my amateur radio journey was profound and lasting. Every time I sit down at the key, I feel a connection not just to the global community of CW operators, but to Brian and the rich tradition he represented.

FSK vs AFSK RTTY: Why FSK Has the Edge

In the world of RTTY, two primary methods of generating the characteristic mark and space tones exist: Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) and Audio Frequency Shift Keying (AFSK). While both achieve the same end result, FSK offers several advantages that make it the preferred choice for many seasoned RTTY operators.

FSK directly shifts the radio's carrier frequency between two distinct frequencies to represent the mark and space tones. This is typically done by applying a keying voltage directly to the radio's oscillator circuit. 

AFSK, on the other hand, generates audio tones that are then applied to the radio's microphone input, much like phone operation.

The primary advantages of FSK include:

• Spectral Purity: FSK produces a cleaner signal with less unwanted sidebands. This results in a narrower transmission, reducing the chances of causing interference to nearby stations.
• Linearity: FSK is less affected by non-linearities in the transmitter's audio chain or power amplifier, as it bypasses most of the audio circuitry.
• Simplicity: Once set up, FSK requires no adjustment of audio levels, reducing the risk of overdriving and distortion.
• Better Signal-to-Noise Ratio: FSK often achieves a better signal-to-noise ratio at the receiving end, especially in weak signal conditions.
• Less Susceptible to Frequency Drift: FSK is typically more stable and less prone to frequency drift compared to AFSK.
• The Ability to Use Narrow Filters: Many radios with a dedicated FSK RTTY mode have associated narrow filters and audio peaks for Mark & Space frequencies. 

While AFSK has its place, particularly in situations where direct FSK keying is not available, FSK remains the gold standard for serious RTTY operation. Its cleaner signal, improved weak signal performance, and resistance to overmodulation make it my go-to choice for contesting and DXing.

As someone who's operated RTTY for decades, I've found that the extra effort to set up FSK is well worth it. The resulting improvement in signal quality and reception can make all the difference when trying to snag that rare DX or maximize your score in a contest. 

QSL cards: Reminders of a shifting geopolitical landscape

In the world of amateur radio, QSL cards are more than just confirmation of a contact - they're tangible pieces of history, each telling a unique story of a moment when two operators, often continents apart, connected through the airwaves.

These cards serve multiple purposes. For the DXer, they're proof of contact for various awards. For the contester, they're validation of a job well done. But for all of us, they're a physical reminder of the magic that happens when we call CQ and a voice (or a series of dits and dahs) answers from the other side of the world.

Sometimes, these cards also serve as unexpected historical artifacts, marking significant geopolitical changes. Take, for instance, my QSL card from a contact made in November 1992 with Wolf, Y23HE, in Berlin. At the time, Wolf was still using his old callsign from the German Democratic Republic (GDR), or East Germany, even though German reunification had occurred two years earlier. This card stands as a fascinating reminder of the transitional period following the fall of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany.

Another example is a QSL card confirming a contact made in October 1992 with station YU1AVA, proudly declared its origin as Yugoslavia.

This QSL card serves as a tangible reminder of a country that no longer exists in the form it did when I made that contact. In 1992, Yugoslavia was in the midst of a complex and often tragic process of dissolution. The country that had existed since 1918 was breaking apart, with Slovenia and Croatia having already declared independence, and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the throes of conflict.

On a separate note, I also love this card for the simple hand-written details on the reverse and the simple drawing indicating the simple wire antenna (I assume a dipole or doublet). A wonderful little touch from operator Zik.

Today, the YU prefix is used solely by Serbia, while the other former Yugoslav republics have their own distinctive prefixes. This card from Croatian operator 9A3IJ (Kruno) is a another stark reminder of the changes happening in the region around that time.

Now, each time I hear a Z3 from North Macedonia, an E7 from Bosnia and Herzegovina, or an S5 from Slovenia, I'm reminded of that QSO from 1992 and the changes that have occurred since.

From simple, homemade designs to elaborate artistic creations, QSL cards reflect the personality of the operator and often the culture of their location. In this digital age, where electronic QSLing has become commonplace, there's still something special about receiving a physical card in the post. It's a tradition that harkens back to the early days of radio, yet continues to thrive.

Our QSL cards and logbooks are more than just confirmations of contacts made; they're personal geopolitical time capsules. They remind us of the ever-changing nature of our world and the unique way our hobby connects us to global events. 

Radio:  Kenwood TS-140
Antenna:  Dipole
Power:  50w
Location:  Wellington, Telford

The rise of budget Chinese handhelds in Amateur Radio

Over the past decade or so, we've seen a significant shift in the VHF/UHF handheld radio market within amateur radio. The emergence of budget-friendly Chinese-made radios has dramatically altered the landscape of our hobby.

Brands like Baofeng, Wouxun, and others too numerous to mention, have flooded the market with incredibly affordable dual-band handhelds. These radios, often priced at a fraction of the cost of traditional Japanese or American-made equipment, have made it easier than ever for newcomers to get on the air.

Hiroyasu UV-5118

The impact has been two-fold. On one hand, these radios have lowered the entry barrier to amateur radio. New hams can now get started with a functional dual-band handheld for less than the cost of a typical study guide and license manual. This has undoubtedly contributed to the growth of our hobby, particularly among younger operators and those on tight budgets.

However, this proliferation hasn't been without controversy. Many of these budget radios have been criticized for their poor spectrum purity, with some models generating spurious emissions that can cause interference. There have also been concerns about their build quality, frequency stability, and compliance with regulations.

Another issue is the ease with which these radios can be programmed to transmit on frequencies outside the amateur bands. This has led to instances of unlicensed operation, particularly in the business and public safety radio services.

Despite these concerns, these budget Chinese handhelds have found a place in many ham shacks (including mine - I paid a little over £12 for my Hiroyasu UV-5118). They're often used as backup radios, loaners for new hams, or for experimenting with projects where there's a risk of damaging the radio.

As a long-time ham, I've observed how these radios have sparked debates within our community about quality, responsibility, and the future direction of amateur radio equipment. While they may not match the performance of higher-end gear, there's no denying that these budget Chinese handhelds have become a significant part of the amateur radio landscape.

The challenge now is for our community to educate new operators about proper use, encourage compliance with regulations, and perhaps push manufacturers to improve their products while maintaining affordability. It's an ongoing discussion that reflects the evolving nature of our hobby in the 21st century. 

Vacation operation as CT7/G0RIF from South Portugal

In August 2010, I had the pleasure of combining a family holiday with some amateur radio operation from the beautiful Algarve region of Portugal. We stayed at Villa Feliz, nestled in the hills just inland from the coastal town of Carvoeiro. The elevated location proved to be an excellent spot for radio operations, offering a good takeoff angle for my antenna.

My portable setup consisted of my trusty Yaesu FT-857, a versatile rig that's perfect for travel, paired with a Buddistick vertical antenna. The Buddistick, being compact and easy to deploy, was ideal for operating from a holiday villa without drawing too much attention or taking up excessive space.

Buddistick antenna

Despite being on holiday, I managed to squeeze in a significant amount of radio time, logging well over 100 contacts during my stay. The majority of my operation was on the 20m, 15m, 17m, and 30m bands, which offered a good mix of long-distance and European contacts.

RTTY was my primary mode of operation during this trip for which I employed the excellent Airlink Express software from Alex KR1ST. I do prefer FSK RTTY but as this wasn't supported by the FT-857 I used AFSK which worked perfectly well.

While RTTY was my main focus, I did mix things up with some PSK31 and PSK63 (both modes also supported by Airlink Express), and some SSB which allowed for some nice rag-chewing type contacts.

Operating as CT7/G0RIF, I found myself on the receiving end of a few modest pile-ups, particularly when working into North America. 

It was a nice change to be the DX station for once, and it gave me a new appreciation for how the other side operates.

The view from the 'shack'

The 30m band was particularly interesting to work from this southern European location. Being a WARC band, it offered a different mix of stations and a generally more relaxed pace of operating compared to the busier contest bands.

There's something special about setting up a simple station in a new location and reaching out to the world, especially given the idyllic nature of this balcony operating position. The combination of the FT-857 and the Buddistick worked well, and the Airlink Express software did a great job. 

As the holiday came to an end, I was really quite pleased with the radio aspect of the trip. Over 100 contacts in the log, a mix of modes, and the experience of being the DX station – it had been a successful and enjoyable portable operation. 

Radio:  Yaesu FT-857D

Antenna:  Buddistick

Power:  50w

Location:  Carvoeiro, southern Portugal

YI9DXX, Internet Remote Base (IRB) in Baghdad

In May 2006, I had a fascinating QSO that introduced me to a new aspect of our ever-evolving hobby - Internet Remote Base (IRB) stations. My contact was with YI9DXX, a station located in Baghdad, Iraq, but remotely operated by Alan, K6AMD, from his location in the United States.

IRB stations are an intriguing development in amateur radio. They allow operators to control radio equipment at a distant location via an internet connection. This opens up possibilities for amateurs to operate from areas where they might not be able to set up a physical station due to restrictions, space limitations, or other factors. It also allows for operation from rare or difficult-to-access locations.

PSK31, or Phase Shift Keying 31 baud, had been gaining popularity since its introduction in the late 1990s, and by 2006, it had become my go-to mode for digital operations. What I particularly appreciate about PSK31 is its efficiency. The narrow bandwidth of just 31.25 Hz means it's excellent for weak signal work and allows for multiple QSOs to take place in the space previously occupied by a single SSB signal.

As I tuned across the 20m band that day, the distinctive waterfall display on my computer screen showed the narrow PSK31 signals. Among them, I spotted YI9DXX calling CQ. The clean, phase-shifted signal stood out clearly.

I felt a surge of excitement. Iraq was a new one for me, and the opportunity to work a station actually located in Baghdad was too good to pass up. I called and, to my delight, received a response.

During our QSO, Alan explained the IRB setup. The actual radio and antenna were indeed in Baghdad, but he was controlling everything from his home in the US. It was a strange feeling, knowing that my signals were being received in Iraq, then relayed back to Alan via the internet, and his responses making the reverse journey.

This contact opened my eyes to the possibilities of IRB operations. While some may debate whether it's the same as traditional radio operation, I found it fascinating. It allows amateurs to put rare locations on the air more frequently and provides opportunities for those who might otherwise be unable to operate from certain areas and experience the thrill of working a large pile-up that they might never have when using their home call..

The YI9DXX contact was a highlight in my logbook, not just for being a new country, but for the unique way it was achieved. It demonstrated how amateur radio continues to evolve, embracing new technologies while still maintaining the core spirit of communication and technical experimentation that defines our hobby.

Radio:  JRC JST-245

Antenna:  Sloper

Power:  50w

Location:  Great Barr, Birmingham

Early wins with FT8, Angola (D2UY) and Kenya (5Z4VJ)

After nearly a decade away from the hobby, I found myself drawn back to amateur radio in January 2024. The landscape had changed quite a bit during my absence, but the core elements that had always fascinated me - portable operations, simple wire antennas, and the thrill of DX - were still very much alive.

One significant development that caught my attention was the introduction of FT8, a digital mode that had taken the amateur radio world by storm during my hiatus. Intrigued by its capabilities, particularly for low-power operation, I decided to give it a go.

After researching current trends in portable operations, I settled on the Xiegu G90. This compact transceiver, with its built-in antenna tuner and 20W output, seemed ideal for getting back into the swing of things. Its modest power output aligned well with my interest in battery powered portable operation, and the internal tuner promised flexibility with various antenna configurations.

Setting up for FT8 operation was straightforward, and I was soon on the air with a simple quarter-wave vertical antenna. Despite using only 10W - half of the G90's capable output - I was amazed at the results.

Within a single week spanning late February and early March, I managed to work two new African countries, both firsts for my logbook. The first was Angola on 10m (subsequently also worked on 15m), with station D2UY answering my call. Just a few days later, I connected with 5Z4VJ in Kenya on 12m. Both contacts were made using FT8, and both with just 10W into quarter-wave vertical antennas.

These successful QSOs were a revelation. They demonstrated the effectiveness of FT8 for weak signal work and reinforced my belief in the potential of simple setups. Working two new African countries with such modest power and a basic antenna was precisely the kind of experience that had originally ignited my passion for the hobby.

This early success with the G90 and FT8 has me excited about future operating, not only with FT8 but also CW (for which I have very high hopes) and SSB. It's clear that the combination of new digital modes and compact, efficient radios has opened up fresh possibilities for DXing, even with limited resources. I'm also looking forward to many more adventures in portable operating and exploring what the G90 and its 20w can do with some simple wire antennas.

Radio:  Xiegu G90

Antenna:  Quarter-wave vertical

Power:  10w

Location:  Lichfield